STORY BYNew moms know that everything they eat, drink—and possibly think—can cross the anatomical street to their babies. Short of being bubble-wrapped, moms are going to inhale, absorb and transmit their living environments to their young.
That possibly includes PBDEs, short for polybrominated diphenyl ether, a chemical used as a flame retardant in common household products like furniture, foam padding, carpet, computer monitors and TVs. Last week, nationwide media reported on two small studies—one with 20 nursing mothers, another with 47—that found PBDEs in breast milk at levels 10-100 times higher than those of women in Europe.
One study, by Environmental Working Group found levels of PBDEs ranging from nine parts per billion (ppb) up to 159 ppb out of 20 samples throughout the U.S. The second study, led by Arnold Schecter, M.D., professor of environmental sciences at The University of Texas School of Public Health regional campus in Dallas, collected milk from two locations only—Dallas and Austin—and found levels from 6.2 to 419 ppb). Other states have reported similar levels in fat tissue samples.
As yet, no one knows the health effects of PBDEs on humans, or even what’s considered a safe level. Studies with rats and mice have found that low concentrations of these brominated fire retardants may cause cognitive and behavioral problems during development.
So does this newly discovered ingredient mean that mother’s milk might have to come with a warning label?
Absolutely not, says Michele Curtis, M.D., associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. “This study just shines a light on what we don’t know about the relationship of and interaction between our bodies and our environment.”
Curtis does agree that nursing moms must be as responsible with their bodies as they were when pregnant. “We know that certain medications, vitamins, nicotine and alcohol all cross over to the baby through breast milk.” And as most moms know, so can double-spicy Buffalo Wings or stuffed jalapenos.
More important are the immune system boosters inherent in breast milk that help shield newborns from contaminants and contagions right when they need protection most. Curtis reassures that though these findings are interesting, they cannot be simply explained nor should they sound a premature alarm. “We seem to become immediately fearful that anything manmade is going to cause cancer or abnormalities.”
Curtis says that breastfeeding is still the healthiest gift a mother can give her infant and herself.
Multiple studies on the advantages of breastfeeding over formula feeding cite high-level postpartum protection from virus, bacteria and other illnesses, thanks to the immunoglobulin-rich colostrums, the serum that precedes the arrival of mother’s milk. Breastfeeding has shown protective properties from:
The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) Guidelines on Breastfeeding list the following advantages of nursing:
In the United State, 3,000 people die a year from fire. The Chemical Manufacturers Association estimates nearly a third more would die without the flame-retardant properties of PBDEs. Next year, PBDE bans go into effect in the European Union where flame retardancy standards are not nearly as tough as those of the US. No current federal regulations ban PBDEs in this country, but California will restrict their use starting in 2008.
The risk of fire versus the benefits of nursing has not been assessed formally. What we need to consider, Curtis says, is that just because something “bears more study” does not mean it will prove harmful. “The relationship between these [PBDE] findings and the health of our infants, both short and long term, is completely unknown.”
Until more research has been done on PBDEs in humans, mothers should do what comes naturally and continue to breast-feed without worry.
UPDATED: 9-29-2003
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Dr. Arnold Schecter is professor of environmental sciences at the UT School of Public Health regional campus in Dallas.
See Dr. Schecter also at:
Dr. Michele Curtis is an associate professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the UT Medical School.
See Dr. Curtis also at:
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Children 6 months up to 9 years of age getting a flu vaccine for the first time will need two doses of vaccine the first year they are vaccinated. If possible, the first dose should be given in September or as soon as vaccine becomes available. The second dose should be given 28 or more days after the first dose. The first dose "primes" the immune system; the second dose provides immune protection. Children who only get one dose but who need two doses can have reduced or no protection from a single dose of flu vaccine. Two doses are necessary to protect these children. If your child needs two doses, begin the process early, so that children are protected before influenza starts circulating in your community. Be sure to follow up to get your child a second dose if they need one. It usually takes about two weeks after the second dose for protection to begin.
Because flu viruses change every year, the vaccine is updated annually. So even if you or your children got a flu vaccine last year, you both still need to get a flu vaccine this season to remain protected. If October and November slip by, and you haven’t gotten your children or yourself vaccinated, get vaccinated in December or later.
